Estonia's Bold Move: Phasing Out Russian in Schools by 2030

Estonia is pushing ahead with a controversial plan to switch all state-funded schools and kindergartens to Estonian-only instruction by 2030. The move, which will phase out Russian-language teaching by 2024, has sparked sharp divisions among the population. With one-fifth of the country's residents having Russian roots, the policy touches on issues of identity, security, and social unity.

The reform aims to strengthen national cohesion and improve economic opportunities for Russian speakers. Supporters argue that better Estonian skills will help them access jobs and services more easily. Key backers include politicians and security officials, who see the shift as a way to reduce Kremlin influence and counter Russian propaganda targeting the minority.

A study by the Centre for East European and International Studies (ZOiS) revealed deep splits in opinion. Over 80% of ethnic Estonians support the change, while only around 35% of Russian-background respondents over 35 agree. Younger Russian speakers are slightly more open, with just over 50% in favour. Wealthier residents, Estonians under 35, and those educated in Estonian tend to back the policy, whereas those taught in Russian often oppose it.

Critics argue the policy is either assimilatory or discriminatory, raising concerns about how it will work in practice. Some Russian-background respondents, however, welcome the change, believing it will bring social and economic benefits in the long run.

The language transition remains a divisive issue, reflecting broader debates about identity and security in Estonia. While many ethnic Estonians see it as necessary for unity, Russian speakers are split, with younger generations showing slightly more support. The policy's success will depend on how well it balances integration goals with the concerns of the minority community.